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Use case

Converting a three-column Federal Register document to EPUB

Updated:

The Federal Register prints three narrow columns per page with rotated text in the margin, which defeats converters that read line by line. On this public-domain document the EpubCC engine keeps the column order and removes the running headers.

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Original and result

Three columns, rotated production text in the margin, running headers and footnotes.

Original PDF
Page of the original PDF
Result (EPUB, as a reader shows it)
The same passage in the converted EPUB

Download source PDF Download the sample EPUB

Source and licence

Document
Federal Register document 2026-22443
Licence
Public domain (work of the U.S. Government)
Pages
45
Traits
text PDF, three columns, repeated headers, footnotes

Federal Register document 2026-22443 (November 3, 2026), Office of the Federal Register, published on govinfo.gov. A work of the U.S. Government, in the public domain.

Settings used

  • Engine: EpubCC engine, build of 2026-11-03 (the one measured in the benchmark).
  • Pages: the whole document.
  • Options: none. The engine has no per-document settings yet; the same defaults apply to every file.

Validation and results

EPUBCheck EPUBCheck on our EPUB: 0 errors, 0 warnings.

8-gram recall · Like 4-gram recall with 8 words: drops when reading order or line joins break sentences (continuity). Methodology
Engine8-gram recall
EpubCC engine (EPUB output)0.859
EpubCC engine (plain text)0.853
pdf_oxide · extract_text0.334
pdf_oxide · to_plain_text (XY-cut)0.035
pdf_oxide · Markdown0.339
PDFium · text().all()0.859
OpenDataLoader PDF (local mode)0.801
pdftotext (Poppler)0.835

Limitations we observed

  • The rotated margin text is dropped, which is right here but would lose real rotated text elsewhere.

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