# Arabic PDF to EPUB: right-to-left text

Source: https://epubcc.com/cases/arabic-rtl/ (updated 2026-11-03)

Arabic PDFs often store letters in visual order, so converters that read them left to right reverse the words. On an Arabic Wikipedia article the EpubCC engine restores the word order and writes a right-to-left EPUB.

Problem: Right-to-left script stored in visual order, joined letter forms and combining marks.

- Limitation: Mixed right-to-left and left-to-right runs (numbers, Latin names) inside a line may need review.
- Limitation: Wikipedia references leave out tables and infoboxes, so precision is low for every engine.